Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an open standard enabling AI assistants to communicate with external tools and data sources seamlessly. Learn how MCP works, its architecture, and why it matters.
How attackers hijack AI applications with nothing but text: direct vs indirect injection, real incidents from Bing to EchoLeak, why no complete fix exists, and the layered architecture that actually contains it.
RAG pipelines trust whatever lands in the vector database. Learn how corpus poisoning, retriever manipulation, and injected documents hijack AI answers — and the defenses that actually work in 2026.
How AI models get stolen through extraction and distillation attacks. Explore techniques, defenses, and real-world ML security case studies.
The complete AI agent concept map - autonomy, perception, action space, ReAct, chain of thought, memory types, the harness, A2A/A2U/MCP protocols, multi-agent patterns, metrics, KV cache and quantization - each with how it works and a real example.
AI voice cloning needs just 3 seconds of audio. The Arup 5M deepfake fraud, voice biometrics bypass, disinformation-as-a-service pricing, and the defenses that still work in 2026.
Five years ago, application security meant securing APIs, patching web frameworks, and hunting for SQL injection in input fields. Today, we're handing over SSH keys, database credentials, and deployment pipelines…
By November 2024, AI-agent security research had already documented the attack class that production incidents would later make infamous. InjecAgent (March 2024, ACL Findings) benchmarked 1,054 indirect-injection scenarios across 30 agents, finding ReAct-prompted GPT-4 attacked successfully roughly a quarter of the time. Breaking Agents (July 2024) demonstrated malfunction amplification through agentic loops. Together with 2023's foundational indirect-prompt-injection work, they mapped how tools, descriptions, and fetched content become command channels. This survey walks the papers, the hijack taxonomy, and the controls that predate the incidents.
In February 2024, a finance employee at Arup's Hong Kong office paid out roughly HK$200 million (US$25.6M) across fifteen transfers after a video conference in which every other participant — including the UK-based CFO — was a deepfake, built from public footage and commodity cloning tools. Police detailed the case on February 4, and by year-end it stood as the largest documented deepfake-enabled financial fraud: phishing to set the pretext, a synthetic multi-person call to seal it. This account reconstructs the con, the tooling economics, and the verification-protocol redesign it forced.
July 2023's WormGPT — a GPT-J-derived, alignment-free chatbot marketed on criminal forums for BEC and phishing — proved offensive automation had hit commodity pricing, killing the bad-grammar phishing tell forever.
Researchers pulled Bing Chat's hidden rules with polite overrides, revealing the codename Sydney and confidential guidelines. Prompt-injection's big bang.
ChatGPT landed November 30, 2022 and hit 100M users in two months — and immediately made prompt injection a practical attack class. Still unsolved in 2026.